Which of the following is a potential side effect of diclofenac?

Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to relieve pain and inflammation. One of the key considerations when using diclofenac, like other NSAIDs, is its potential to cause a variety of side effects.

Cardiovascular events can occur with diclofenac use because NSAIDs may increase the risk of heart attack or stroke, especially in individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions or those who use them long-term. This is due to NSAIDs' tendency to potentially alter blood pressure and cause fluid retention, which can strain the heart.

Renal toxicity is another significant concern associated with diclofenac, as it can impact kidney function. Prolonged use of NSAIDs can lead to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, which may result in acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease in susceptible individuals.

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a well-documented side effect of diclofenac. NSAIDs can irritate the gastric mucosa and inhibit the production of protective prostaglandins, increasing the risk of ulcers and bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract.

Given that diclofenac is associated with all these risks, recognizing the comprehensive nature of its potential side effects is crucial for safety and effective pain management. Therefore,