Which one of the following is classified as a passive non-pharmacological pain treatment?

Passive non-pharmacological pain treatments are techniques that typically involve little to no active participation from the patient. They often aim to alleviate pain through mechanisms that do not require the patient to exert effort or engage in physical activities.

Nutrition, in this context, refers to dietary changes or the intake of certain nutrients that may impact pain management. It can contribute to a reduction in inflammation or overall health improvement, which in turn might help with pain levels. However, it doesn't require physical activity from the patient; instead, it focuses on dietary choices that can support healing and wellness. Therefore, it is seen as a passive intervention because the patient doesn't actively engage or participate in a structured program or activity like with exercise or cognitive behavioral therapy.

On the other hand, options like exercise, biofeedback, and cognitive behavioral therapy involve active participation from the patient, requiring them to engage physically or mentally to achieve pain relief. Thus, these modalities do not fit the classification of passive treatments.